National Medal of Science

National Medal of Science

Die National Medal of Science ist eine Auszeichnung, die vom Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika pro Jahr an bis zu 20 Wissenschaftler verliehen wird, die herausragende Beiträge zur Weiterentwicklung des Wissens in den Verhaltens- und Sozialwissenschaften, der Biologie, der Chemie, den Ingenieurwissenschaften, der Mathematik und der Physik geleistet haben. Die Medaille, die 1959 gestiftet und vier Jahre später erstmals vergeben wurde, erhielten mit Stand vom November 2010 bisher 461 Personen.

Preisträger

• 1962: Theodore von Kármán
• 1963: Luis Walter Alvarez, Vannevar Bush, Cornelis Bernardus van Niel, John R. Pierce, Norbert Wiener
• 1964: Roger Adams, Othmar Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Charles Stark Draper, Solomon Lefschetz, Neal Elgar Miller, Harold Calvin Marston Morse, Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Julian Seymour Schwinger, Harold C. Urey, Robert B. Woodward
• 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson, Leon Max Lederman, Warren K. Lewis, Francis Peyton Rous, William Walden Rubey, George Gaylord Simpson, Donald D. Van Slyke, Oscar Zariski
• 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, John Willard Milnor, William C. Rose, Claude Elwood Shannon, John H. van Vleck, Sewall Wright, Vladimir Zworykin
• 1967: Jesse Beams, Albert Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Paul Cohen, Kenneth Stewart Cole, Louis Plack Hammett, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, George Bogdan Kistiakowsky, Edwin Herbert Land, Igor Iwanowitsch Sikorski, Alfred Sturtevant
• 1968: Horace Albert Barker, Paul Doughty Bartlett, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, John Presper Eckert, Herbert Friedman, Jay Lush, Nathan M. Newmark, Jerzy Neyman, Lars Onsager, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Eugene Paul Wigner
• 1969: Herbert Charles Brown, William Feller, Robert J. Huebner, Jack Kilby, Ernst Mayr, Wolfgang Panofsky
• 1970: Richard Brauer, Robert Henry Dicke, Barbara McClintock, George Mueller, Albert Sabin, Allan Rex Sandage, John C. Slater, John Archibald Wheeler, Saul Winstein
• 1973: Daniel I. Arnon, Carl Djerassi, Harold E. Edgerton, Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Earl Wilbur Sutherland, John W. Tukey, Richard T. Whitcomb, Robert R. Wilson
• 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, Paul Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Kurt Gödel, Rudolf Kompfner, James V. Neel, Linus Carl Pauling, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer, James Augustine Shannon, Abel Wolman, Chien-Shiung Wu
• 1975: John Warner Backus, Manson Benedict, Hans Bethe, Wernher von Braun, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig, Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Hendricks, Joseph O. Hirschfelder, William Hayward Pickering, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Frederick Terman, Orville Vogel, Edgar Bright Wilson
• 1976: Morris Cohen, Kurt Friedrichs, Peter Carl Goldmark, Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Roger Charles Louis Guillemin, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Erwin Wilhelm Müller, Keith R. Porter, Efraim Racker, Frederick D. Rossini, Verner E. Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck, Hassler Whitney, Edward Osborne Wilson
• 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Joseph Doob, Richard Feynman, Donald Ervin Knuth, Arthur Kornberg, Emmett Leith, Hermann F. Mark, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Severo Ochoa, Earl R. Parker, Edward Mills Purcell, Simon Ramo, John H. Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul Alfred Weiss, Victor Weisskopf
• 1981: Philip Handler
• 1982: Philip W. Anderson, Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn, Frank Albert Cotton, Ed Heinemann, Donald L. Katz, Yōichirō Nambu, Marshall Harvey Stone, Gilbert Stork, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes
• 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Herman H. Goldstine, William Hewlett, Roald Hoffmann, Helmut Landsberg, George Low, Walter Munk, George C. Pimentel, Frederick Reines, Wendell L. Roelofs, Bruno Rossi, Berta Scharrer, John Robert Schrieffer, Isadore M. Singer, John G. Trump, Richard N. Zare
• 1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum, Stanley Cohen, H. Richard Crane, Herman Feshbach, Harry Gray, Donald Henderson, Robert Hofstadter, Peter Lax, Yuan T. Lee, Hans Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin, Carl S. Marvel, Vernon Mountcastle, Bernard M. Oliver, George Emil Palade, Herbert Simon, Joan A. Steitz, Frank Westheimer, Chen Ning Yang, Antoni Zygmund
• 1987: Philip Hauge Abelson, Anne Anastasi, Robert B. Bird, Raoul Bott, Michael Ellis DeBakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Walter Elsasser, Michael Freedman, William Samuel Johnson, Har Gobind Khorana, Paul Christian Lauterbur, Rita Levi-Montalcini, George Pake, Harry Bolton Seed, George Stigler, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler, James van Allen, Ernst Weber
• 1988: William O. Baker, Konrad Bloch, David Allan Bromley, Michael Stuart Brown, Paul Chu, Stanley Norman Cohen, Elias James Corey Jr., Daniel C. Drucker, Milton Friedman, Joseph Leonard Goldstein, Ralph Gomory, Willis Hawkins, Maurice Hilleman, George W. Housner, Eric Kandel, Joseph B. Keller, Walter Kohn, Norman Ramsey, Jack Steinberger, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

Joshua Lederberg (rechts) erhält die National Medal of Science von Präsident George H. W. Bush (1989)

• 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Harry G. Drickamer, Katherine Esau, Herbert Grier, Viktor Hamburger, Samuel Karlin, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Saunders Mac Lane, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Harden M. McConnell, Eugene N. Parker, Robert P. Sharp, Donald Spencer, Roger Sperry, Henry Stommel, Harland Wood
• 1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Elkan R. Blout, Herbert W. Boyer, George F. Carrier, Allan McLeod Cormack, Mildred Dresselhaus, Karl August Folkers, Nick Holonyak, Leonid Hurwicz, Stephen Cole Kleene, Daniel E. Koshland, Edward B. Lewis, John McCarthy, Edwin Mattison McMillan, David G. Nathan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle, John D. Roberts, Patrick Suppes, Edward Donnall Thomas
• 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, Ronald Breslow, Alberto Calderón, Gertrude Belle Elion, George H. Heilmeier, Dudley R. Herschbach, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Robert W. Kates, Luna Bergere Leopold, Salvador Edward Luria, Paul A. Marks, George A. Miller, Arthur L. Schawlow, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Folke K. Skoog, Guyford Stever, Edward C. Stone, Steven Weinberg, Paul Charles Zamecnik
• 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson, Allen Newell, Calvin Quate, Eugene Shoemaker, Howard E. Simmons, Maxine F. Singer, Howard M. Temin, John Roy Whinnery
• 1993: Alfred Y. Cho, Donald J. Cram, Val Fitch, Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, Norman Hackerman, Martin Kruskal, Daniel Nathans, Vera Rubin
• 1994: Ray W. Clough, John Cocke, Thomas Eisner, George S. Hammond, Robert King Merton, Elizabeth F. Neufeld, Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
• 1995: Thomas R. Cech, Hans Georg Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich, Hermann A. Haus, Isabella L. Karle, Louis Nirenberg, Alexander Rich, Roger Shepard
• 1996: Wallace Smith Broecker, Norman Davidson, James L. Flanagan, Richard M. Karp, C. Kumar N. Patel, Ruth Patrick, Paul A. Samuelson, Stephen Smale
• 1997: William K. Estes, Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston, Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, James Watson, Robert Allan Weinberg, George Wetherill, Shing-Tung Yau
• 1998: Bruce Ames, Don L. Anderson, John N. Bahcall, John W. Cahn, Cathleen Synge Morawetz, Janet Rowley, Eli Ruckenstein, George Whitesides, William Julius Wilson
• 1999: David Baltimore, Felix Browder, Ronald Coifman, James Cronin, Jared Diamond, Leo Kadanoff, Lynn Margulis, Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon, Robert M. Solow, Kenneth N. Stevens
• 2000: Nancy C. Andreasen, John D. Baldeschwieler, Gary Becker, Yuan-Cheng B. Fung, Ralph Hirschmann, Willis E. Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Peter H. Raven, John Griggs Thompson, Karen Uhlenbeck, Gilbert White, Carl Woese
• 2001: Andreas Acrivos, Francisco J. Ayala, George Fletcher Bass, Mario Capecchi, Marvin Cohen, Ernest R. Davidson, Raymond Davis junior, Ann M. Graybiel, Charles David Keeling, Gene Likens, Victor Almon McKusick, C. R. Rao, Gábor A. Somorjai, Elias Stein, Harold Elliot Varmus

Evelyn M. Witkin erhält die National Medal of Science von Präsident George W. Bush (2002)

• 2002: Leo L. Beranek, John I. Brauman, James E. Darnell, Richard Garwin, James Glimm, W. Jason Morgan, Evelyn M. Witkin, Edward Witten
• 2003: John Michael Bishop, Brent Dalrymple, Carl de Boor, Riccardo Giacconi, Duncan Luce, John M. Prausnitz, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
• 2004: Kenneth Arrow, Norman Borlaug, Robert N. Clayton, Edwin N. Lightfoot, Stephen Lippard, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas E. Starzl, Dennis Sullivan
• 2005: Jan D. Achenbach, Ralph Alpher, Gordon H. Bower, Bradley Efron, Anthony Fauci, Tobin Marks, Lonnie G. Thompson, Torsten N. Wiesel
• 2006: Hyman Bass, Marvin Caruthers, Rita R. Colwell, Peter Dervan, Nina V. Fedoroff, Daniel Kleppner, Robert Langer, Lubert Stryer
• 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Mostafa El-Sayed, Leonard Kleinrock, Robert Lefkowitz, Bert O’Malley, Charles P. Slichter, Andrew J. Viterbi, David Wineland
• 2008: Bernie Alder, Francis Collins, Joanna Fowler, Elaine Fuchs, James E. Gunn, Rudolf Kálmán, Michael Posner, JoAnne Stubbe, Craig Venter
• 2009: Yakir Aharonov, Stephen Benkovic, Esther M. Conwell, Marye Anne Fox, Susan Lindquist, Mortimer Mishkin, David Bryant Mumford, Stanley Prusiner, Warren M. Washington, Amnon Yariv^[1]

Weblinks

 Commons: National Medal of Science – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Datenbank aller Empfänger der National Medal of Science
• National Medal of Science 2009

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators